Cómo entender la experiencia de personas que viven con VIH: implicaciones para la clínica y la investigación / How to Understand the Experience of Persons Living with HIV: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research / Como entender a experiência de pessoas que vivem com hiv: implicações para a clínica e para a pesquisa

Objetivo: las personas que viven con una enfermedad crónica experimentan procesos complejos de transformación personal para adaptarse a su nueva condición de salud. El objetivo del artículo es develar el significado de vivir con VIH en personas que fueron diagnosticadas en etapa de sida. Materiales y métodos: estudio cualitativo descriptivo en el que se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 15 personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH) en etapa de sida, que se atienden en el sistema público de salud chileno. Resultados: del análisis de contenido emergieron seis dimensiones del significado de vivir con la enfermedad: cambios personales posteriores al diagnóstico; apoyo social y acompañamiento, resignación a la adquisición del VIH; percepción de discriminación / rechazo; revelación del diagnóstico; cuidar a otros de la adquisición del VIH. Conclusiones: los hallazgos orientan a los profesionales de la salud sobre las estrategias que se deben utilizar en la atención directa de las personas que viven con VIH con el fin de otorgar un cuidado integral considerando el apoyo para el desarrollo de estrategias de autocuidado y la revelación del diagnóstico a su núcleo cercano, para reducir los costos psicosociales asociados a la enfermedad.

Objective: Those who live with chronic disease undergo complex processes of personal transformation to adapt to their new health condition. The aim of this article is to show what it means to live with HIV for persons who have been diagnosed with AIDS. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive qualitative study based on 15 people who are living with HIV/AIDS and being treated through the Chilean public health system. Results: The content analysis showed six dimensions of what it means to live with the disease: personal changes after the diagnosis, social support and accompaniment, being resigned to having contracted HIV, perceived discrimination / rejection, disclosure of the diagnosis, and protecting others from contracting HIV. Conclusion: The findings can provide guidance to health professionals on the strategies that should be used in providing direct care to persons living with HIV. In this respect, the goal is to offer comprehensive care, taking into account support for the development of self-care strategies and disclosure of the diagnosis to the patient's family and close friends, so as to reduce the psycho-social costs of the disease.

Objetivo: as pessoas que vivem com uma doença crônica experimentam processos complexos de transformação pessoal para se adaptar a sua nova condição de saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é revelar o significado de viver com HIV em pessoas que foram diagnosticadas em etapa de Aids. Materiais e métodos: estudo qualitativo descritivo no qual se realizaram entrevistas em profundidade com 15 pessoas que vivem com o HIV (PVHIV) em etapa de Aids, que se atendem no sistema público de saúde chileno. Resultados: da análise de conteúdo emergiram seis dimensões do significado de viver com a doença: mudanças pessoais posteriores ao diagnóstico; apoio social e acompanhamento, resignação à aquisição do HIV; percepção de discriminação ou rejeição; revelação do diagnóstico; cuidar a outros sobre a aquisição do HIV. Conclusões: as descobertas orientam os profissionais da saúde sobre as estratégias que se devem utilizar no atendimento direto das pessoas que vivem com o HIV, com o objetivo de outorgar um cuidado integral que considere o apoio para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de autocuidado e a revelação do diagnóstico a seu núcleo de pessoas próximas, para reduzir os custos psicossociais associados à doença.

Vibrio vulnificus: una causa infrecuente de shock séptico / Septic shock caused by vibrio vulnificus: report of 1 case

Vibrio vulnificus is a lactose positive Gram negative rod that lives in warm seas and can infect wounds and produce sepsis. Its infection is acquired after eating oysters or other filtering marine organisms. We report a 53 years old diabetic male who started with fever after a voyage to Central America. He was admitted febrile, hipotense, dehydrated and polypneic. Painful erythematous lesions and lumps were observed in his upper and lower limbs. After 72 hours of evolution, the lesions became violaceous, with crepitating vesicles full of hemorrhagic exudate. He developed a renal failure and a disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood cultures demonstrated the presence of Vibrio vulnificus and the patient died 68 hours after admission

Bursitis tuberculosa: caso clínico / Tuberculous bursitis: clinical case

We report a previously healthy 51 years old woman with a one year history of pain in the left hip associated with a mass without fever or local inflammatory changes. Magnetic resonance imaging located the mass in the medial gluteal muscle. The pathological examination of the mass disclosed unspecific inflammatory changes. Due to worsening of pain, a left throchanteric bursitis was diagnosed two weeks later and a throchanteric bursectomy was performed, obtaining a second biopsy. Aerobic, anaerobic and fungal cultures were negative. Lowenstein-Jensen culture showed development of mycobacteria and a genetic probe confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The second biopsy also identified several granulomas with areas of caseation and the Ziehl-Nielsen stain was positive for acid fast bacilli. Osteoarticular tuberculosis, specially bursitis, shoulds be suspected in the presence of chronic pain associated with swelling

Infección de prótesis de aorta ascendente: tratamiento con aseo quirúrgico, preservación de prótesis y transposición de colgajo muscular en dos casos / Infection of ascending aortic graft: treatment with surgical cleaning, graft preservation and transposition of muscle flaps, report of 2 cases

Mediastinitis with graft infection is a serious complication of ascending aorta replacement. We report two cases of graft infection, treated with surgical cleaning, graft preservation and transposition of muscle flaps. A 62 years old male was admitted 34 days after an ascending aortic grafting due to a sternal dehiscence and mediastinitis. Antimicrobial treatment was started and a surgical cleaning performed, leaving an open sternotomy. Three days later, the thoracic cavity was closed with a rectus abdominis muscle flap. After 23 months of follow up, the patient is well and without evidence of infection. A 74 years old male was subjected to an aortic valve and ascending aorta replacement and a myocardial revascularization. In the postoperative period, the patient developed septic signs, and a purulent drainage. A CAT scan showed a liquid collection surrounding the aortic graft. On tW Sixteenth postoperative day, a surgical cleaning was performed and the thorax was closed with the pectoralis major muscle. After 10 months of follow up, the patient is in Good condition and without evidence of infection

Uso de anfotericina B en mezcla lipídica: ¿previene la toxicidad de la droga en pacientes críticos? / Use of amphotericin B as lipid emulsion: does it prevent drug toxicity in critical patients?

Background: Amphotericin B is efficacious for the treatment of systemic candidiasis, however it has potentially serious toxic effects. Administration as lipid emulsions has been advocated to decrease its toxicity. Aim: To compare the safety and tolerance of amphotericin B administered as lipid emulsion or dissolved in dextrose in water. Patients and methods: Forty five patients with confirmed or highly suspected systemic candidiasis were studied. Between January 1996 and June 1997 amphotericin B was administered in dextrose in water to 17 patients (group 1). Between July 1997 and December 1998, the drug was delivered in lipid emulsions (Intralipid, group 2). Clinical and laboratory parameters (serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and potassium), were assessed daily. Results: Both treatment groups were clinically comparable and had the same survival. Accumulative amphotericin B dose administered was 343.2 ñ 197 and 414.6 ñ 518 mg respectively. Hypokalemia was more frequent in group 2 (52 and 25 percent respectively, p < 0.05). There were no differences in the outcome of renal function or other adverse reactions. Conclusions: Administration of amphotericin B as lipid emulsions did not reduce its toxicity in critical patients

Quinolonas: aspectos generales sobre su estructura y clasificación / Quinolones: general characteristics of structure and classification

Las quinolonas constituyen uno de los grupos de antimicrobianos de mayor desarrollo. Químicamente son estructuras bicíclicas heteroaromáticas, constituidas por un núcleo piridona- ß-ácido carboxílico y un anillo aromático. La relación entre la estructura química y la actividad biológica (relación estructura-actividad) de estas moléculas ha motivado la síntesis de compuestos con distintos radicales en la estructura química básica. Posición 1: el sustituyente de mayor importancia es el grupo ciclopropil que combina favorables propiedades estéricas, espaciales y de interacción electrónica exhibiendo las quinolonas que poseen este grupo una potente actividad sobre bacilos Gram negativos; otros sustituyentes de importante desarrollo son los anillos bencénico mono o difluorados, que amplían el espectro de actividad y mejoran las propiedades farmacocinéticas, pero podrían estar asociadas a fenómenos de toxicidad. Las posiciones 2, 3, 4 no presentan mayores variaciones. La posición 6 prácticamente define, por la presencia de flúor, a las modernas quinolonas, sin embargo, se han sintetizado quinolonas experimentales sin flúor que presentan una interesante actividad in vitro. Posición 5, la presencia de grupos amino o metilo favorece algunas propiedades farmacocinéticas. Posición 8: la presencia de halógenos aumenta la actividad antianaerobia, en particular Cl y F, pero se asocia a fenómenos de fototoxicidad incentivando la síntesis de compuestos sin halógenos. También estas moléculas se clasifican en generaciones de acuerdo al momento de su síntesis y los radicales utilizados

Hipertensión pulmonar e infección por VIH: comunicación de un caso / Pulmonary hypertension and HIV infection: 1 case report

Pulmonary hypertension associated to HIV infection has been reported in the literature with increased frequency. Apparently, this condition has a faster clinical evolution and a higher mortality than primary pulmonary hypertension. The pathogenic mechanisms of HIV associated pulmonary hypertension and the influence of its treatment on patientÕs evolution are not well known. We report a 32 years old homosexual male that developed a severe dyspnea in a period of 2 months. Echocardiogram demonstrated right ventricular dilatation and a systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 86 mm Hg. No other causes for pulmonary hypertension were found. Antiviral therapy and vasodilator treatment with a calcium channel blocker were started and the patient had an important subjective clinical improvement

Epidemiología molecular del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 en Santiago, Chile / Molecular epidemiology of the human immunodeficiency virus tipe 1 in Santiago, Chile

Background: most of the studies of HIV-1 infection in South America have been limited to Brazil and little is known about the viral variants that are causing disease else where in the continent. Aim: to determine the characteristics of the viral variants present in Chile as well as patterns of viral transmission. Material and methods: viral sequences were obtained from 21 HIV-1 infected people from Santiago, Chile who were infected either via sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Cloned sequences obtained from both the third variable and conserved regions of the envelope as well as the viral protease were evaluated. Results: we found only clade B subtype viruses in Santiago. An evaluation of the envelope gene revealed no evidence that the sequences were monophyletic by risk group. A number of the protease sequences were predicted to encode amino acid substitutions commonly found during selection for protease inhibitor resistance. Conclusions: the HIV-1 strains studied in Chile, belong to the subtype B. There is no molecular evidence of separate introductions of the virus into the different risk groups. A number of substitutions in the protease gene that may confer resistance to protease inhibitors were found in patients with no previous exposure to this class of drugs

Neumonía por pneumocystis carinii: factores predisponentes, manifestaciones clínicas y respuesta a tratamiento / Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: risk factors, clinical manifestations and treatment outcome

Presentamos una serie de 43 pacientes con neumonía por P. carinii confirmada ya sea por anatomía patológica y/o RPC, destacando como patología de base más frecuente el SIDA, pero también se pesquisaron casos en pacientes con otras inmunodeficiencias, leucemia linfoblástica aguda, tratamiento inmunosupresor y linfopenia idiopática. En los pacientes infectados por VIH la evolución del cuadro fue larvada mientras que en los pacinetes leucémicos la presentación clínica del cuadro fue más agresiva. Destacó la tríada sintomática de fiebre, tos y disnea como los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes, junto a una elevación constante de LDH y un recuento de CD4 inferior a 200 células/mm3. La mayoría de los pacientes presentó un patrón radiológico de tipo retículo nodular, aunque se evidenciaron también condensaciones y radiografías de tórax normales. La mayoría de los pacientes presentó una evolución clínica favorable con pocas reacciones adversas severas a cotrimoxazol, pero sí más frecuentes a pentamidina intravenosa. En el subgrupo de pacientes admitidos en UCI se observó una elevada letalidad

Rabdomiólisis e insuficiencia renal aguda / Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure

La rabdomiólisis es una entidad que obedece a variadas etiologías, tales como abuso de drogas, traumas y cuadro convulsivos. La presencia de signos clínicos (dolor, edema, rigidez), es poco frecuente y su diagnóstico se bas esencialmente en hallazgos de laboratorio como determinación en el plasma de niveles plasmáticos elevados de enzimas de origen muscular (CPK, SGOT, LDH); alteraciones elelctrolíticas (hiperfosfemia, hiperkalemia, hipocalcemia) y presencia de mioglobinemia (poco frecuente) y mioglobinuria. El daño renal de la rabdomiólisis está relacionado cocn obstrucción tubular por precipitación de la mioglobina; alteraciones hemodinámicas renales; nefrotoxicidad directa de la mioglobina y otros factores aún no bien dilucidados. El cuadro clínico de la insuficiencia renal aguda por Rabdomiólisis no difiere mayormente del producido por otras enfermedades pero entre los hallazgos de laboratorio que permiten la sospecha destacan la presencia de proteinuria importante; cilindros pigmentarios en el sedimiento urinario; niveles elevados de fósforo, potasio, ácido úrico y creatinina y evidencias de coagulación intravascular diseminada. Lo más importante en esta situación es la profilaxis del daño renal la que se basa en hidratación generosa; uso de diuréticos osmóticos y alcalinización de la orina